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Saturday, March 31, 2012
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Friday, March 30, 2012
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Thursday, March 29, 2012
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Wednesday, March 28, 2012
Antibiotics and Their Types, Uses and Side Effects
An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by or derived from microorganisms (i.e. bugs or germs such as bacteria and fungi). The first antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 in a significant breakthrough for medical science.
Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine.
Some antibiotics are 'bactericidal', meaning that they work by killing bacteria. Other antibiotics are 'bacteriostatic', meaning that they work by stopping bacteria multiplying.
Each different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria in different ways. For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a bacterium's ability to turn glucose into energy, or its ability to construct its cell wall. When this happens, the bacterium dies instead of reproducing.
Some antibiotics can be used to treat a wide range of infections and are known as 'broad-spectrum' antibiotics. Others are only effective against a few types of bacteria and are called 'narrow-spectrum' antibiotics.
Side effects of antibiotics
Antibiotics can literally save lives and are effective in treating illnesses caused by bacterial infections. However, like all drugs, they have the potential to cause unwanted side effects. Many of these side effects are not dangerous, although they can make life miserable while the drug is being taken.
In general, antibiotics rarely cause serious side effects. The most common side effects from antibiotics are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Fungal infections of the mouth, digestive tract and vagina can also occur with antibiotics because they destroy the protective 'good' bacteria in the body (which help prevent overgrowth of any one organism), as well as the 'bad' ones, responsible for the infection being treated.
Some people are allergic to antibiotics, particularly penicillins. Allergic reactions cause swelling of the face, itching and a skin rash and, in severe cases, breathing difficulties. Allergic reactions require prompt treatment.
Types of antibiotics
There are many different kinds of antibiotics. The type of antibiotics you take depends on the type of infection you have and what kind of antibiotics are known to be effective.
The main classes of antibiotics:
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones
Macrolides
Penicillins
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
There are a couple of new relatives of erythromycin (azithromycin and clarithromycin) that work the same way, but kill more bugs and have slightly fewer side effects. The erythromycin-like antibiotics are also known as macrolides. Macrolides belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Macrolide antibiotics are used to treat respiratory tract infections, genital, gastrointestinal tract, soft tissue infections caused by susceptible strains of specific bacteria.
Macrolides bind with ribosomes from susceptible bacteria to prevent protein production. This action is mainly bacteriostatic, but can also be bactericidal in high concentrations.
Macrolides cause very little allergy problems compared to the penicillins and cephalosporins, the biggest concern with these medicines is that they can irritate the stomach.
The most commonly-prescribed macrolides:
erythromycin
clarithromycin
azithromycin
roxithromycin
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Aminoglycosides may be used along with penicillins or cephalosporins to give a two-pronged attack on the bacteria. Aminoglycosides work quite well, but bacteria can become resistant to them. Since aminoglycosides are broken down easily in the stomach, they can't be given by mouth and must be injected. When injected, their side effects include possible damage to the ears and to the kidneys. This can be minimized by checking the amount of the drug in the blood and adjusting the dose so that there is enough drug to kill bacteria but not too much of it. Generally, aminoglycosides are given for short time periods.
The aminoglycosides are drugs which stop bacteria from making proteins. This effect is bactericidal.
The most commonly-prescribed aminoglycosides:
amikacin
gentamicin
kanamycin
neomycin
streptomycin
tobramycin
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins are grouped into "generations" by their antimicrobial properties. Cephalosporins are categorized chronically, and are therefore divided into first, second, and third generations. Currently, three generations of cephalosporins are recognized and a fourth has been proposed. Each newer generation of cephalosporins has greater gram negative antimicrobial properties than the preceding generation. The later-generation cephalosporins have greater effect against resistant bacteria.
Cephalosporins are used to treat pneumonia, strep throat, staph infections, tonsillitis, bronchitis, otitis media, various types of skin infections, gonorrhea. Cephalosporin antibiotics are also commonly used for surgical prophylaxis. Cephalosporins are closely related to the penicillins.
Cephalosporins have a bacteriocidal effect by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacteria cell wall.
The most commonly-prescribed cephalosporins:First generation
cephazolin
cefadroxil
cephalexin
cephradine
Second generation
cefaclor
cefuroxime
cefprozil
loracarbef
Third generation
cefotaxime
cefixime
cefpodoxime
ceftazidime
cefdinir
Fourth generation
cefepime
cefpirome
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones are known as broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they are effective against many bacteria. Fluoroquinolones are used to treat most common urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory infections (such as sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis). Common side effects of fluoroquinolones include mainly the digestive system: mild stomach pain or upset, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. These are usually mild and go away over time. Fluoroquinolones should not be given during pregnancy.
Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacteria by interfering with their ability to make DNA. This activity makes it difficult for bacteria to multiply. This effect is bacteriocidal.
The most commonly-prescribed fluoroquinolones:
ciprofloxacin
gatifloxacin
gemifloxacin
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin
norfloxacin
ofloxacin
trovafloxacin
Penicillins
Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929. Penicillins are used to treat skin infections, dental infections, ear infections, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea. Penicillins are sometimes combined with other ingredients called beta-lactamase inhibitors, which protect the penicillin from bacterial enzymes that may destroy it before it can do its work.
Penicillins are usually very safe. The greatest risk is an allergic reaction, which can be severe. People who have been allergic to cephalosporins are likely to be allergic to penicillins.
Penicillins block the construction of bacteria cell walls, causing the walls to break down, and eventually killing the bacteria.
The most commonly-prescribed penicillins:
amoxicillin
ampicillin
bacampicillin
oxacillin
penicillin
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines are a family of antibiotics used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines were discovered in the late 1940s and were extremely popular when they were first discovered. The tetracycline antibiotics have a very broad spectrum of action.
Tetracyclines are used to treat mild acne, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme Disease, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, typhus.
The most commonly-prescribed tetracyclines:
tetracycline
doxycycline
minocycline
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are extremely important in medicine, but unfortunately bacteria are capable of developing resistance to them. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are germs that are not killed by commonly used antibiotics. When bacteria are exposed to the same antibiotics over and over, the bacteria can change and are no longer affected by the drug.
Bacteria have number of ways how they become antibiotic-resistant. For example, they possess an internal mechanism of changing their structure so the antibiotic no longer works, they develop ways to inactivate or neutralize the antibiotic. Also bacteria can transfer the genes coding for antibiotic resistance between them, making it possible for bacteria never exposed to an antibiotic to acquire resistance from those which have. The problem of antibiotic resistance is worsened when antibiotics are used to treat disorders in which they have no efficacy (e.g. antibiotics are not effective against infections caused by viruses), and when they are used widely as prophylaxis rather than treatment.
Resistance to antibiotics poses a serious and growing problem, because some infectious diseases are becoming more difficult to treat. Resistant bacteria do not respond to the antibiotics and continue to cause infection. Some of these resistant bacteria can be treated with more powerful medicines, but there some infections that are difficult to cure even with new or experimental drugs.
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Tuesday, March 27, 2012
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Monday, March 26, 2012
Sunday, March 25, 2012
Saturday, March 24, 2012
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Friday, March 23, 2012
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Thursday, March 22, 2012
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Wednesday, March 21, 2012
Amazing Lottery Secrets - Just the Facts!
When it comes to Lottery Secrets, we've discovered amazing and powerful
information, that we feel anyone who plays their respective lottery should
be aware of. Did you know that the greatest percentage of lottery players
choose to "quick pick" their numbers?
If you knew this bit of information you might want to reconsider. 80% of
lottery players choose the quick pick method. This is where you let the
lottery machine choose your numbers. That leaves 20% of lottery players
selecting their own sets of numbers to play.
Here's where it becomes interesting, when the lotteries were asked:
"What is the percentage of quick pick wins in relation to player selected
wins?" and they said without hesitation 50/50.
So, if the 80% quick pick wins 50% of the time, and the 20% player
selected, wins 50% of the time, which group would you have the
better odds of winning?
You see, knowing more about how things work can make your outcome
more favorable. Did you know that the odds of a set of lottery numbers
repeating themselves is astronomically improbable. Wouldn't it be to your
advantage to know if the numbers you hand select has ever been played?
Did you know the number of times a lottery number set delivers so many
odd numbers vs even numbers could give you an advantage? There is
literally an enormous amount of undisputable evidence and facts that can
make playing and winning your lottery more possible for you.
Knowing what numbers appear more often and which bonus ball has hit
more often can be very enlightening. There are other interesting facts that
are considered and played with great success. For instance, if a number
has appeared in a number of recent drawings so many times, it will grow
cold after that number of times. You certainly would want to know that
bit of information.
Do you play in a small group of friends or family? This can better your
odds considerably with a little insider information. No, we don't profess to
work for the lottery, just that by playing in a group and selecting key numbers
can almost assure your group of a win every time.
Powerball is a multi-state lottery that is soon to make changes in their lottery
game. To entice their players even more, they will soon be making some
interesting changes. They will be adding 2 more regular ball numbers, so
the total regular ball numbers will be 55. They are also increasing the amount
that they will pay if you hit just the 5 regular numbers and miss the red or
Powerball bonus number. If you hit just the 5 regular numbers it will pay
$200,000, this used to be only $100,000. To take this a step further, if you
chose the "Powerplay" option which multiplies you winnings by as little as
2 times or as much as 5 times, you can now win as much as $1,000,000
by hitting just the 5 regular numbers and missing the bonus ball number.
That's pretty cool! 5 out of 6 and it can win you a cool million dollars.
These changes with the Powerball Game came about when the lottery board
saw back in March of 2005 that too many jackpot winners were happening too
close together. This was not allowing the jackpot to grow and reducing the
lottery's revenue when the jackpot wasn't large enough to take in more players.
Think it could be, more players are discovering "lottery secrets"?
Obviously, the more the jackpot grows, the more people will play, but now with
the new changes soon to take effect, the possibilities of hitting a million dollar
pot on any given draw will increase playing on a more consistent basis. Overall,
the amount of players will actually increase regardless of the jackpot total, smart
thinking of someone's part, wouldn't you say?
Having constantly updated statistics available can make a significant difference
in your lottery playing experience, playing without it can leave you, well, where
you been so far, still wishing for a big win. Lotteries are a game of chance with
incredible odds in their favor, reducing those odds with facts and history is giving
you a much greater chance at winning the cash you hope to find.
For more information: http:wealthsmith.com/Lottery.htm
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Tuesday, March 20, 2012
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Monday, March 19, 2012
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Sunday, March 18, 2012
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Saturday, March 17, 2012
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Friday, March 16, 2012
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Thursday, March 15, 2012
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Wednesday, March 14, 2012
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Tuesday, March 13, 2012
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Saturday, March 10, 2012
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Friday, March 9, 2012
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Thursday, March 8, 2012
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Wednesday, March 7, 2012
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Tuesday, March 6, 2012
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Monday, March 5, 2012
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Sunday, March 4, 2012
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Saturday, March 3, 2012
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Friday, March 2, 2012
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